The effects of Climate Change in the form of pH, temperature, and salinity variation on crab shell formation were assessed. By the year 2100, projections based on “business-as-usual” emissions suggest a further doubling ...

Ocean acidification (OA) adversely affects a broad range of marine calcifying organisms. Crustaceans, however, exhibit mixed responses to OA, with growth or survival negatively affected in some species, but unaffected or ...

Although there exists a wide range of nonbiocidal and environmentally friendly surface coatings to reduce biofouling on marine structures, there is still not a fundamental understanding of barnacle adhesion upon reattachment. ...