Around the third week after gestation in embryonic development, the human heart consists only of a valvless tube, unlike a fully developed adult heart, which is multi-chambered. At this stage in development, the heart ...

We explore an embryonic heart model that couples electrophysiology and muscle-force generation to flow induced using a 2𝘋 fluid-structure interaction framework based on the immersed boundary method. The propagation of ...

Mesoscale filtering and protective layers are replete throughout the natural world. Within the body, arrays of extracellular proteins, microvilli, and cilia can act as both protective layers and mechanosensors. For example, ...